The rise and fall of empires: 600 BCE - 600 CE Second-Wave Civilizations

Around 600 BCE, several second-wave civilizations, such as the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, rose to prominence in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions.

The Assyrian Empire, which was centered in present-day northern Iraq and Syria, was the first of these second-wave civilizations to rise and was known for its military prowess and its extensive trade networks.

The Babylonian Empire, which was located in present-day Iraq, was a rival of the Assyrians and was known for its legal codes and its advancements in mathematics.

The Persian Empire was the largest of the second wave civilizations, encompassing an area that extended from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia.

The Greek Empire was known for its advances in philosophy, science, and democracy.

The Roman Empire was the last of the great second wave civilizations, and it was responsible for the expansion of Christianity and the establishment of a vast network of roads throughout its territory.

Each of these empires eventually declined, leading to political and social chaos in the regions they had once controlled.

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